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Graupel, also known as soft hail or snow pellets, is precipitation formed when supercooled water droplets freeze onto a falling snowflake, creating small, soft, and fragile ice pellets.
Updraft helicity (UH) measures the degree to which a storm's updraft is associated with its vertical vorticity, essentially how much the storm's updraft "wraps around" itself. It's used as an indicator for right-moving, rotating storms and can be used to help forecast tornadic storms.
Column condensate refers to the total amount of liquid water (or ice) in a vertical column of the atmosphere, from the surface to the top. It's essentially the water content that has condensed from water vapor within that column. This condensate forms when water vapor is transported upward by rising air and cools to saturation, causing excess water vapor to condense into liquid or ice particles.
Column reflectivity refers to the total reflectivity of an entire atmospheric column above a specific location, essentially aggregating the reflectivity at all heights from the ground to the top of the atmosphere.
The Large Hail Parameter (LHP) is a composite index used in severe weather forecasting to help distinguish between significant hail (2 inches or larger) and smaller hail. It's calculated by combining thermodynamic and vertical shear components.
The Lightning Threat Index (LTI) is a diagnostic tool used to identify areas at risk of lightning strikes. It considers various atmospheric variables, including temperature, humidity, and cloud characteristics, to determine the potential for lightning development.